RightTable

Babeuf, François-noël

2005-04-05T17:24:00.000-07:00

John Anthony Scott (ed. and trans.), The Defense of Gracchus Babeuf Before the High Court of Vendôme, trans. from French (1964); R.B. Rose, Gracchus Babeuf: The First Revolutionary Communist (1978).

Arbeau, Thoinot

2005-04-05T15:31:00.000-07:00

Orchésographie is

Chiang Ching-kuo

2005-04-04T11:01:00.000-07:00

The son of Chiang

Saccharin

2005-04-02T20:38:00.000-08:00

Also called Ortho-sulfobenzoic Acid Imide, organic compound employed as a non-nutritive sweetening agent. It occurs as insoluble saccharin or in the form of various salts, primarily sodium and calcium. Saccharin has about 200–700 times the sweetening power of granulated sugar and has a slightly bitter and metallic aftertaste. For table use, it is sold as 1/4-, 1/2-, or 1-grain pellets of the salts, a 1/4-grain pellet being the equivalent

Korea, North

2005-04-02T07:50:00.000-08:00

Officially Democratic People's Republic of Korea , Korean Choson Minjujuui In'min Konghwaguk country in East Asia. It occupies the northern portion of the Korean peninsula, which juts out from the Asian mainland between the Sea of Japan (East Sea) and the Yellow Sea. The country is bordered by China and Russia to the north and by the Republic of Korea (South Korea) to the south. North Korea has an area of 47,399 square miles (122,762 square kilometres), occupying about 55 percent of the

Tin Processing

2005-04-02T00:19:00.000-08:00

There is evidence from both archaeology and literature that tin was one of the earliest metals to be known and used. Its earliest application was as an alloy with copper to form bronze, which was fashioned into tools and weapons. Bronze articles (typically containing about 10 percent tin) have been found in the Middle East dating from about 3500 BC and in Egypt from 3000 BC. Other ancient

Earth, Crustal magnetization

2005-04-01T10:05:00.000-08:00

Magnetic fields measured at the Earth's surface are not entirely produced by the internal dynamo. Radially outward from the Earth's core, the next major source of magnetic field is crustal magnetization. The temperature of the materials constituting the crust is cool enough for them to exist in solid form. The solids may become magnetized by the Earth's main field

Mott, Sir Nevill Francis

2005-04-01T09:00:00.000-08:00

British physicist (b. Sept. 30, 1905, Leeds, Eng.--d. Aug. 8, 1996, Milton Keynes, Eng.), shared the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physics with Philip Anderson and John Van Vleck for research into the electronic properties of noncrystalline, or amorphous, solids. This work showed that amorphous materials, which are easier and less expensive to manufacture than crystalline substances, could be used in such

Maharashtra, Education

2005-03-31T08:51:00.000-08:00

Maharashtra's literacy rate—which consists of more than half of the state's adult population—exceeds the national average. The state provides free compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14. Vocational and multipurpose high schools also have grown in importance. The state operates two universities (including one for women) at Bombay and others at

Armlet

2005-03-30T17:03:00.000-08:00

Several fine examples of armlets are included in the Oxus treasure, a collection of Persian

Arrabal, Fernando

2005-03-29T18:23:00.000-08:00

Arrabal worked as a clerk in a paper company, then studied law at the University of Madrid. He turned to writing in the early 1950s, and in 1955 he went to study drama in Paris, where he remained.

Arve River

2005-03-29T06:14:00.000-08:00

River in eastern France and Switzerland, rising in the Savoy Alps and flowing north into the Rhône River below Geneva. Over its 62-mi (100-km) course, the river passes by some of the finest and most varied Alpine scenery. Its upper section collects the drainage of the northwest face of the Massif du Mont Blanc and is a source of hydroelectric power. Below Bonneville, in the Faucigny

Ho Hsien-ku

2005-03-28T20:49:00.000-08:00

Pinyin He Xiangu, in Chinese mythology, one of the Pa Hsien, the Eight Immortals of Taoism, and the only female (if Lan Ts'ai-ho is considered to be male). As a teenaged girl she dreamed that mother-of-pearl conferred immortality. She thereupon ate some, became ethereal, and found she could float across the hills at will. She returned home each evening carrying herbs collected during the

Baltic Religion, Religious personages

2005-03-28T14:33:00.000-08:00

There is no reliable information that the Balts had a priestly class, let alone religious hierarchy. The 11th-century German historian Adam of Bremen, in describing conflicts between Christian missionaries and Latvians, said that “every house is filled with seers, augurers, and necromancers,” which indicates that the Balts had sacral persons, probably the patriarchs

Mathews, Edwin Lee

2005-03-27T21:24:00.000-08:00

American professional baseball player (b. Oct. 13, 1931, Texarkana, Texas—d. Feb. 18, 2001, San Diego, Calif.), was one of major league baseball's most prolific hitters, with 512 home runs and 2,315 hits in his 17-year career, and was widely regarded as the best third baseman of the 1950s and early '60s. Mathews made his major league debut with the Boston Braves in 1952 and remained with the franchise when it moved to Milwaukee,

Atacama Plateau

2005-03-26T14:58:00.000-08:00

The peaks of the

Locke, Bobby

2005-03-25T10:26:00.000-08:00

A meticulous putter who was considered among the best in golf, Locke won the Vardon Trophy for lowest scoring average among male professional golfers in 1946, 1950, and 1954. Nine times the winner of the South African Open championship (1935, 1937–40, 1946, 1950–51, and 1955) and six times the winner of the South

Akkad

2005-03-25T06:06:00.000-08:00

Ancient region in what is now central Iraq. Akkad was the northern (or northwestern) division of ancient Babylonian civilization. The region was located roughly in the area where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are closest to each other, and its northern limit extended beyond the line of the modern cities of al-Fallujah and Baghdad. The early inhabitants of this region

Oracle

2005-03-24T21:26:00.000-08:00

(Latin oraculum from orare, “to pray,” or “to speak”), divine communication delivered in response to a petitioner's request; also, the seat of prophecy itself. Oracles were a branch of divination but differed from the casual pronouncements of augurs by being associated with a definite person or place. For example, the oracles of Zeus originated at Dodona, Olympia, or Siwa; those

Alban, Saint

2005-03-24T06:22:00.000-08:00

According to the historian Bede, he served in the Roman army and was converted to Christianity by a fugitive priest whom he sheltered and with whom he exchanged clothes, so that he was martyred in the priest's place (c. 304; other dates suggested by scholars are c. 254 or c. 209). His feast day is commemorated

Wildlife Conservation

2005-03-24T05:17:00.000-08:00

The regulation of wild animals and plants in such a way as to provide for their continuance as a natural resource. The term stands for the husbandry and use of natural resources by the present and succeeding generations. Aesthetic, sporting, economic, and ethical use of landscapes, game, minerals, animals, plants, soils, and water is thus implied in the concept. The term

Pacific Islands, Plant and animal life

2005-03-23T00:56:00.000-08:00

Most island vegetations reveal Asian ancestries stemming from Indonesia and New Guinea. Generic variety declines eastward across the Pacific, providing evidence that seeds and fruits carried by ocean currents, birds, winds, and island voyagers encountered mounting obstacles to acceptance. The easternmost islands were host to limited plant dispersal movement

China, Economy

2005-03-22T16:59:00.000-08:00

The Mongol conquest of the Sung Empire had for the first time since the end of T'ang reunified all China. Sung China had traded with its neighbours, the Liao and Chin, but trade had been strictly controlled and limited to authorized border markets. The Mongol conquest therefore reintegrated China's economy. The Mongol administration, in its desire to utilize the resources

Henry Draper Catalogue

2005-03-22T13:19:00.000-08:00

Listing of the positions, magnitudes, and spectral types of stars in all parts of the sky; with it began the present alphabetical system (see Harvard classification system) of classifying stars by spectral type. The catalog, named in honour of the U.S. astronomer Henry Draper and financed through an endowment by his widow, was compiled at the Harvard College Observatory

Brackley, Thomas Egerton, Viscount, Baron Ellesmere

2005-03-22T09:12:00.000-08:00

Educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, and called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1572, Egerton was promoted rapidly under Queen Elizabeth I, becoming lord keeper of the great seal in

Chand, Dhyan

2005-03-21T10:14:00.000-08:00

Chand is most remembered for his goal-scoring feats and for his three Olympic gold medals (1928, 1932, and 1936) in field hockey, while India was dominant in the sport. He joined the Indian army in 1922 and came to prominence when he toured New Zealand with the

Brackley, Thomas Egerton, Viscount, Baron Ellesmere

2005-03-20T22:47:00.000-08:00

The 300 genera of muroid rodents are classified within 18 subfamilies, but more than

Sunspot

2005-03-20T03:52:00.000-08:00

Vortex of gas on the surface of the Sun associated with strong local magnetic activity. Spots look dark only by contrast with the surrounding photosphere, which is several thousand degrees hotter. The dark centre of a spot is called the umbra; the outer, lighter ring, the penumbra. Spots may be several times larger than the Earth or so small that telescopic observation

Indulgence

2005-03-19T10:24:00.000-08:00

In Roman Catholicism, a partial remission of temporal punishment due for a sin after the sin has been forgiven through the sacrament of penance. The theology of indulgences is based upon the concept that sin is always evil and that, even though the crime and the eternal punishment are forgiven in the sacrament of penance, divine charity and justice demand that the

Rye

2005-03-19T04:12:00.000-08:00

The Village of Rye, which was separately incorporated in 1904 and already a popular

Western Africa, History Of, Francophone countries

2005-03-18T15:21:00.000-08:00

In Senegal, Léopold Senghor, with strong French support, maintained power until his resignation in 1980 by balancing conflicting factions and promising controlled political liberalization. His nominated successor, Abdou Diouf, continued these general policies together with the link to France. In the 1980s Senegal experienced budget deficits and agreed to a program

Honan

2005-03-18T08:08:00.000-08:00

Honan abounds in prehistorical and early historical interest. Some of the most important evidences of the Neolithic beginnings of Chinese civilization are found in the northern part of the province. It was at Yang-shao in north Honan that a Swedish geologist and archaeologist, Johan Gunnar Andersson, in 1921 discovered an assemblage of Neolithic painted pottery

Ku Yen-wu

2005-03-17T09:11:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Gu Yanwu one of the most famous of the Ming dynasty loyalists, whose rationalist critiques of the useless book learning and metaphysical speculations of the neo-Confucian philosophy (that had been the underpinning of the Chinese empire for almost 1,000 years) started a new trend in scholarship during the Ch'ing

Maderna, Bruno

2005-03-17T04:39:00.000-08:00

Maderna studied with well-known teachers, including the Italian composer Gian Francesco Malipiero and the German conductor Hermann Scherchen. In 1941 he received his degree in composition at Rome from the Conservatorio di Musica Santa Cecilia. He expanded

Aichi

2005-03-16T14:22:00.000-08:00

Ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan, on the Pacific coast. More than half of its area lies within the Nobi Plain and two smaller plains to the east. The northwestern border with Gifu prefecture is formed by the Kiso River, sometimes known as the Nihon (Japan) Rhine. The irregular coast is marked by the peninsulas of Chita (west) and Atsumi (east), which enclose Mikawa Bay and

Stereoscopy

2005-03-16T08:26:00.000-08:00

Science and technology dealing with two-dimensional drawings or photographs that when viewed by both eyes appear to exist in three dimensions in space. A popular term for stereoscopy is 3-D. Stereoscopic pictures are produced in pairs, the members of a pair showing the same scene or object from slightly different angles that correspond to the angles of vision of

John (iv)

2005-03-16T00:49:00.000-08:00

At first, John of Montfort had recognized John III's designation of Charles of Blois (nephew of King Philip VI of France) as the successor; but then John of Montfort reneged, had himself crowned at a convocation of bishops and lords at Nantes,

Crake

2005-03-15T21:03:00.000-08:00

Any of numerous marsh birds of the family Rallidae (order Gruiformes), generally any small rail (q.v.) in which the bill is short and conical. The name is chiefly European but can be extended to New World rails of this type. The most widespread genus is Porzana (13 species), typified by the spotted crake (P. porzana) found in Europe and eastward to Mongolia; in winter

Xerox Parc

2005-03-13T19:20:00.000-08:00

An excellent source on PARC's history is Michael Hiltzick, Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age (1999).

Cadence

2005-03-13T13:58:00.000-08:00

In music, formula signifying the end of a phrase or half-phrase, section, or entire composition. The concept of cadence implies broadly acknowledged conventions, especially of a harmonic nature, conveying a sense of relative completion, analogous to the use of punctuation in literature. The term derives from the Latin word cadere (“to fall”) and originally referred

Smith, Dean Edwards

2005-03-13T13:50:00.000-08:00

The 1982 Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) championship game between the University of North Carolina and the University of Virginia featured some of the greatest players in college basketball--among them North Carolina guard Michael Jordan and Virginia centre Ralph Sampson. As a national television audience watched, however, Dean Smith, the North Carolina coach, instructed

Nitrogen Cycle

2005-03-12T11:11:00.000-08:00

Circulation of nitrogen in various forms through nature. Nitrogen, a component of proteins and nucleic acids, is essential to life on Earth. Although 78 percent by volume of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas, this abundant reservoir exists in a form unusable by most organisms. Through a series of microbial transformations, however, nitrogen is made available to plants,

World War Ii, The Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the North Sea, 194245

2005-03-12T07:55:00.000-08:00

The year 1942 was, on the whole, a favourable one for the German U-boats. First, the U.S. entry into the war entitled them to infest the U.S. coast of the North Atlantic; and it was not until the middle of the year that the Allies' introduction of the convoy system from the Caribbean northward constrained the raiders to go so far afield as the waters between Brazil and West Africa. Second,

Cáceres

2005-03-11T17:07:00.000-08:00

Provincia of the Extremadura comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”), western Spain, bordering Portugal on the west. The Tagus River runs through the province. Conquered by Alfonso IX from the Moors in 1229, it became part of the kingdom of Leon and was made a province of Spain in 1833. Mountainous areas in the extreme north and south are formed by the Central and Toledo mountains,

Athens 1980s Overview

2005-03-11T11:04:00.000-08:00

It is said that in every musical generation something new crawls out of the American South. But few would have expected anything earthshaking from Athens, a small city in Georgia that calls itself the “Classic City.” American college towns tend to be consumers rather than creators of musical trends. Athens, where one-third of the population are students at the University

Montserrat

2005-03-10T22:49:00.000-08:00

Mountain, northwestern Barcelona provincia, in the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Catalonia, Spain, lying just west of the Llobregat River and northwest of Barcelona city. Known to the Romans as Mons Serratus (“Saw-toothed Mountain”) and to the Catalans as Montsagrat (“Sacred Mountain”), it is famous for its unusual appearance, its Benedictine monastery

Literature, Hebrew.

2005-03-10T13:18:00.000-08:00

The main events in Hebrew literature in 1998 were S. Yizhar's new novel, Malcomia Yefaifia ("Lovely Malcomia") and Amos Oz's innovative novel Oto hayam ("The Same Sea"). Yizhar, considered one of the best Israeli novelists after S.Y. Agnon, had not published a work of fiction for almost 30 years until the early 1990s, when he began producing a new novel about every two years. Despite his long,

Kamehameha I

2005-03-09T14:30:00.000-08:00

First named Paiea, meaning “Hard-Shelled Crab,” the future sovereign was the son of Keoua, a high chief, and of Kekuiapoiwa, a daughter of the former

Berenson, Senda

2005-03-09T04:26:00.000-08:00

The Valvrojenski family immigrated to the United States in 1875, adopting the name Berenson and settling in

Spokane

2005-03-08T20:12:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1879) of Spokane county, eastern Washington, U.S., at the falls of the Spokane River. Frequented by trappers when the North West Company built a trading post there in 1810, the site was settled in 1872 and laid out in 1878. Known as Spokane Falls (for the Spokane Indians, whose name means “sun people”), it developed after the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway. Abundant waterpower

Arabian Religion

2005-03-08T07:27:00.000-08:00

In the polytheistic religions of Arabia most of the gods were originally associated with heavenly bodies, to which were ascribed powers of fecundity, protection, or revenge against enemies. Aside from a few deities common to various populations, the pantheons show a marked local particularism. But many religious practices were in general use. The study of these

Toradja

2005-03-07T18:03:00.000-08:00

Group of peoples of central Celebes (Sulawesi), Indonesia. They are believed to be descendants of the invading Austronesian-speaking people that overran the island and absorbed or exterminated the aboriginal population. Later they were driven back from the coasts by Muslim Indonesians such as the Buginese. Their warfare and headhunting made it necessary to locate

Checkerwork

2005-03-07T15:24:00.000-08:00

In architecture, masonry built of two materials, usually stone and flint or stone and brick, so arranged as to make a checkerboard pattern and to give variety in texture and colour. Stone and flint checkerwork is common in the parish churches and smaller houses of East Anglia, England; and both combinations were much used after the Reformation, when the suppressed

Pijao

2005-03-06T14:18:00.000-08:00

Extinct Indian people of the southern highlands of Colombia. The Pijao spoke a language of the Chibchan family, related to that of the Páez, their neighbours to the south. They were agriculturists, raising corn (maize), sweet manioc (yuca), beans, potatoes, and many fruits; they also hunted and fished. They lived in settlements of several families in houses built of wood and

Gruiform

2005-03-05T22:47:00.000-08:00

(order Gruiformes), any member of a rather loose assemblage of 12 families of birds that are generally agreed to be related but that differ widely in many aspects. They are an ancient group with a rich fossil history, but many are now restricted in range and few in number. Members of the order occur on every continent, but the only family with worldwide distribution is the

Boismortier, Joseph Bodin De

2005-03-05T13:40:00.000-08:00

His music, particularly for the voice, was extremely popular, and he became rich without

Caricature And Cartoon

2005-03-05T00:27:00.000-08:00

In graphic art, comically distorted drawing or likeness, done with the purpose of satirizing or ridiculing its subject. Cartoons are used today primarily for conveying political commentary and editorial opinion in newspapers and for social comedy and visual wit in magazines.

Toowoomba

2005-03-03T20:12:00.000-08:00

City, southeastern Queensland, Australia, on the Great Dividing Range. The principal inland city in the state, Toowoomba is a rail and road junction, tourist resort, service centre for Darling Downs (a livestock, grain, and dairying region of about 3,500,000 acres [1,400,000 hectares]), and site of the Perseverence Creek Water Supply Scheme. The town's industries include engineering works,

Harrison, Caroline

2005-03-03T18:45:00.000-08:00

Four years later her husband married Mary Dimmick. Rumours circulated about when the romance had begun, and when Benjamin died in 1901 his children, who were never reconciled to the second marriage, buried him beside Caroline.

Gryphaea

2005-03-03T11:34:00.000-08:00

Extinct molluskan genus found as fossils in rocks from the Jurassic period to the Eocene epoch (between 208 million and 36.6 million years ago). Related to the oysters, Gryphaea is characterized by its distinctively convoluted shape. The left valve, or shell, was much larger and more convoluted than the flattish right valve. Fine markings extended across the shell

Mountain

2005-03-02T02:16:00.000-08:00

Detailed introductions to the European Alps are E.R. Oxburgh, The Geology of the Eastern Alps (1968), concentrating on Austria; and R. Trümpy, An Outline of the Geology of Switzerland, vol. 1 of Geology of Switzerland: A Guide-Book, ed. by the Schweizerische Geologische Kommission (1980). Introductory articles on other mountain belts of the world are found in Scientific American, including the following: Don L. Anderson, “The San Andreas Fault,” 225(5):52–68 (November 1971); Peter Molnar and Paul Tapponnier, “The Collision Between India and Eurasia,” 236(4):30–41 (April 1977), describing the evolution of mountain belts in eastern Asia; and David L. Jones et al., “The Growth of Western North America,” 247(5):70–84 (November 1982), describing the accretion of exotic terrains to that area. Two useful articles in Geological Society of America Bulletin are Tanya Atwater, “Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America,” 81(12):3513–35 (December 1970), a classic article that changed the way geologists view that region; and John F. Deway et al., “Plate Tectonics and the Evolution of the Alpine System,” 84(10)3137–80 (October 1973), a summary of motions of lithospheric plates and mountain building in the Mediterranean area. See also Peter Molnar, “The Geologic History and Structure of the Himalaya,” American Scientist, 74(2):144–154 (March-April 1986), describing how the structure of the Himalayas allows the chain to achieve its great height.

Ecstasy

2005-03-01T09:02:00.000-08:00

MDMA (3,4, Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), euphoria-inducing stimulant and hallucinogen. The use of Ecstasy, commonly known as “E,” has been widespread despite the drug's having been banned worldwide in 1985 by its addition to the international Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is a derivative of the amphetamine family and a relative of the stimulant methamphetamine

Motion Picture, Motion-picture design

2005-03-01T07:55:00.000-08:00

Under the heading of design, all the elements of a picture's setting may be included—art direction, scenic composition, set design, costume, and makeup. At its simplest and most naturalistic, the camera can choose and frame ordinary people in a real location. At its most elaborate, motion-picture production may involve the expenditure of vast sums to put up gigantic sets

France, History Of, The Resistance

2005-02-28T04:49:00.000-08:00

Vichy's decline was paralleled by the rise of the anti-German underground. Within weeks of the 1940 collapse, tiny groups of French citizens had begun to resist. Some collected military intelligence for transmission to London; some organized escape routes for British airmen who had been shot down; some circulated anti-German leaflets; some engaged in sabotage of railways

Maastrichtian Stage

2005-02-27T15:01:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Maestrichtian, uppermost of six main divisions in the Upper Cretaceous Series, representing all those rocks on a global basis deposited during the Maastrichtian Age (74.5 to 66.4 million years ago). The stage's name is derived from the city of Maastricht in the southeastern Netherlands, whose surrounding area serves as the classic type district for rocks of this age. The Maastrichtian Stage

Mauritania, Transportation

2005-02-27T14:11:00.000-08:00

Transport by pack animals—camels in the north, oxen and donkeys in the south—has retained considerable importance in a society in which a subsistence and barter economy prevails, although transport between cities and regions is increasingly by truck. Considerable hazards, however, confront road builders; among these are moving sand dunes, flash floods in the south,

Belcredi, Richard, Count (graf)

2005-02-27T04:15:00.000-08:00

Statesman of the Austrian Empire who worked for a federal constitution under the Habsburg monarchy, taking the Swiss constitution as his model. His “Ministry of Counts” (July 27, 1865–Feb. 3, 1867) advocated conservative federalism under which the Slavs' historic rights would be recognized instead of subsumed

Modjadji V

2005-02-26T17:49:00.000-08:00

South African tribal ruler (b. 1936/37, Ga-Modjadji, Northern province, S.Af.—d. June 28, 2001, Pietersburg, S.Af.), was the revered Rain Queen of the Bantu-speaking Lovedu tribe, the latest representative of a 400-year-old matriarchal dynasty believed to have magical rainmaking powers, and South Africa's only reigning queen. As Rain Queen, Modjadji V served as the secular and religious leader of

Established Church

2005-02-26T16:39:00.000-08:00

A church recognized by law as the official church of a state or nation and supported by civil authority. Though not strictly created by a legal contract, the legal establishment is more like a contractual entity than like anything else and, therefore, ordinarily cannot be varied or repudiated by only one party to it. The church is not free to make changes in such things

Arnim, Hans Georg Von

2005-02-26T04:14:00.000-08:00

Soldier and statesman prominent in German affairs during the Thirty Years' War. He served (1613–17) with the Swedes under Gustaf II Adolf, with the Poles (1621), with Wallenstein's imperial army (1626) as a field marshal, and with the Saxons (1631–35, 1638–41). A strict Lutheran, Arnim resigned his imperial commission in protest against the Edict

Lutetian Stage

2005-02-25T09:21:00.000-08:00

The stage's name is derived from Lutetia, the ancient Latin name for Paris, France, whose surrounding area is usually considered

Racerunner

2005-02-24T23:55:00.000-08:00

Racerunners may be diversely marked, even within a species, being

Ab Ovo

2005-02-24T13:49:00.000-08:00

In literature, the practice of beginning a poetic narrative at the earliest possible chronological point. The Latin poet and critic Horace approvingly notes in Ars poetica that Homer does not begin a tale of the Trojan War with the twin egg from which Helen was born but rather in the middle of events.

Petróleos De Venezuela, Sa

2005-02-23T18:04:00.000-08:00

By 1971 Venezuela had begun to take steps to curb the influence of the foreign concessionaires who, since their arrival after World War I, had been exploiting the nation's oil

Robert I

2005-02-23T14:49:00.000-08:00

Original name Robert VIII de Bruce, or Robert the Bruce king of Scotland (1306–29), who freed Scotland from English rule, winning the decisive Battle of Bannockburn (1314) and ultimately confirming Scottish independence in the Treaty of Northampton (1328).

Nicetas Of Remesiana

2005-02-22T19:48:00.000-08:00

After becoming bishop of Remesiana (later the Serbian village of Bela Palanka, near the town of Niš) c. 366, Nicetas twice

Brasidas

2005-02-22T02:40:00.000-08:00

Spartan officer generally considered the only commander of genius produced by Sparta during the Archidamian War (431–421), the first decade of the Peloponnesian War (431–404) between Athens and Sparta. Through his eloquence and charm, qualities unusual in a Spartan, he earned the admiration of many of Athens' allies, thus paving the way for the revolts

Thang-ka

2005-02-21T17:52:00.000-08:00

Thang-kas are essentially aids for meditation, though they may be hung in temples or at family altars, carried in religious processions, or used to illustrate sermons. Thang-kas are not free

Cameron, Julia Margaret

2005-02-21T11:25:00.000-08:00

The daughter of an officer in the East India Company, Julia Margaret Pattle married jurist Charles Hay Cameron in 1838. The couple had six children, and in 1860 the family settled on the Isle of Wight.

Quandong Nut

2005-02-20T19:55:00.000-08:00

Edible seed of the native peach (Santalum acuminatum), a small shrubby tree of the sandalwood family (Santalaceae), native to Australia. Unlike other members of this family, the native peach is grown for its fruit and nuts rather than for its wood. The nutritious, red, pulpy flesh of the fruit is used in jams, pies, and chutneys. The hard-shelled, edible nuts are customarily

Ordóñez, Antonio

2005-02-20T14:14:00.000-08:00

Antonio Ordóñez was the son of Cayetano Ordóñez, called “Niño de la Palma,” who was the prototype for Pedro Romero, the matador in Ernest Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises. Hemingway is said to have ranked the son even higher than the father.

Kidney Failure

2005-02-20T07:00:00.000-08:00

Acute kidney failure results in reduced output of urine, abnormally high levels of nitrogenous substances, potassium, sulfates, and phosphates in the blood, and abnormally low blood levels of sodium, calcium, and carbon dioxide (see uremia). Ordinarily

Performing Arts, Latin America.

2005-02-19T00:03:00.000-08:00

Generally

Chiapas

2005-02-18T17:46:00.000-08:00

Estado (“state”) of southern Mexico. It is bounded to the southwest by the Gulf of Tehuantepec and the Pacific Ocean, to the north by Tabasco, to the east by Guatemala, and to the west by Veracruz and Oaxaca. Much of its territory is mountainous and forested. The mountainous region of the Sierra Madre, in the south, includes a fertile, temperate plateau inhabited by most of the

Raynouard, François-juste-marie

2005-02-17T08:57:00.000-08:00

Trained as a lawyer, Raynouard was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1791. In 1793 he was imprisoned on political grounds but was released in 1794 after the fall of Robespierre. His first play, Caton d'Utique, was published

La Bourdonnais, Bertrand-françois Mahé, Count (comte) De

2005-02-17T01:00:00.000-08:00

La Bourdonnais entered the service of the French East India Company as a lieutenant at 19, was promoted to captain in 1724, and took part in the capture of Mahé on the Malabar Coast (southwestern India) in 1726. From 1735 to 1740, he was governor

Ogata Kenzan

2005-02-16T23:41:00.000-08:00

Kenzan received a classical Chinese and Japanese education and pursued Zen Buddhism. At the age of 27 he began studying with the potter Ninsei and in 1699 established his own kiln in Narutaki. Encountering financial

Vennberg, Karl

2005-02-16T04:41:00.000-08:00

Vennberg was a teacher of Norwegian in a Stockholm folk high school. His influential reviews and critical essays broke the ground for the radical cause of the 40-talslyrik (1947; “Poetry of the 1940s”), an anthology that he edited together with Erik Lindegren. His two volumes

Novokuznetsk

2005-02-15T16:40:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Novokuzneck , formerly Kuznetsk , (1931–32) Novokuznetsk , or (1932–61) Stalinsk city, Kemerovo oblast (province), south-central Russia. The city lies along the Tom River just below its confluence with the Kondoma, in the Kuznetsk Coal Basin. Originally the small village of Kuznetsk, founded in 1617, stood on the river's right bank; it had about 4,000 inhabitants in 1926. In 1929, under the Soviet First Five-Year Plan, an ironworks was founded on the opposite bank; around the

Music, Western, Solo and ensemble instruments

2005-02-15T15:53:00.000-08:00

The four major vehicles for instrumental music of the period were the lute, the organ, stringed keyboard instruments, and instrumental ensembles. Most popular by far was the lute, which could produce the major elements of instrumental style except for long, sustained tones. Noteworthy composers of lute music included Luis Milán in Spain, Arnold Schlick in Germany,

Ibn Al-jawzi

2005-02-14T02:01:00.000-08:00

Ibn al-Jawzi received a traditional religious education, and, upon the completion of his studies, he chose a teaching career, becoming

Earth Sciences, Gravity, isostasy, and the Earth's figure

2005-02-13T23:03:00.000-08:00

Discoveries of regional anomalies in the Earth's gravity led to the realization that high mountain ranges have underlying deficiencies in mass about equal to the apparent surface loads represented by the mountains themselves. In the 18th century the French scientist Pierre Bouguer had observed that the deflections of the pendulum in Peru are much less than they

Tabora

2005-02-13T14:52:00.000-08:00

Formerly Kazeh, town, west-central Tanzania. Lying on the Central Plateau at an elevation of 4,000 feet (1,200 m), it has a mean annual temperature of 73° F (23° C). The town has been the capital of the Nyamwezi people and was the major trade link between the coast and the Congo River basin prior to European colonial rule. As the junction point of the east-west (Dar es-Salaam–Ujiji) railway and the north-south railway

Gullstrand, Allvar

2005-02-13T11:48:00.000-08:00

Gullstrand studied in Uppsala, Vienna, and Stockholm, earning a doctorate in 1890. He became professor of diseases of the eye at Uppsala in 1894 and in 1913 was appointed professor of physiological

Selfridge, Harry Gordon

2005-02-12T20:26:00.000-08:00

The son of a small storekeeper in Wisconsin, Selfridge at age 21 joined the wholesale-retail firm of Field, Leiter and Company (later Marshall Field and Company) in Chicago, where he worked for 25 years and became a junior partner. In 1906 he went to England with a fortune and began to build a large department

Pythagoras

2005-02-12T13:02:00.000-08:00

Pythagoras migrated to southern

Addison (of Stallingborough), Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount, Baron Addison Of Stallingborough

2005-02-11T19:28:00.000-08:00

Addison was educated at Trinity College, Harrogate, Yorkshire, and at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London. He became an anatomy lecturer at St.

Dacorum

2005-02-11T00:54:00.000-08:00

Borough (district), administrative and historic county of Hertfordshire, England. The borough, in the northwestern corner of the county, includes part of the range of chalk hills known as the Chilterns, which border the London Basin on the north. Dacorum embraces a number of the outer suburban communities of London, including the new town of Hemel Hempstead, 25 miles (40 km)

Spencer, Lilly Martin

2005-02-10T19:10:00.000-08:00

Angelique Martin was the daughter of French parents who emigrated from England to the United States in 1830. She grew up in Marietta, Ohio, and received a thorough education at home. Having exhibited artistic talent from an

Setúbal

2005-02-10T13:36:00.000-08:00

The city served as a royal residence during the reign of King John II (1481–95). With the exception of the Igreja (church) de Jesus (begun 1490) and the 17th-century Castelo de São Filipe, the

RightTable

Babeuf, François-noël

Arbeau, Thoinot

Chiang Ching-kuo

Saccharin

Korea, North

Tin Processing

Earth, Crustal magnetization

Mott, Sir Nevill Francis

Maharashtra, Education

Armlet

Arrabal, Fernando

Arve River

Ho Hsien-ku

Baltic Religion, Religious personages

Mathews, Edwin Lee

Atacama Plateau

Locke, Bobby

Akkad

Oracle

Alban, Saint

Wildlife Conservation

Pacific Islands, Plant and animal life

China, Economy

Henry Draper Catalogue

Brackley, Thomas Egerton, Viscount, Baron Ellesmere

Chand, Dhyan

Brackley, Thomas Egerton, Viscount, Baron Ellesmere

Sunspot

Indulgence

Rye

Western Africa, History Of, Francophone countries

Honan

Ku Yen-wu

Maderna, Bruno

Aichi

Stereoscopy

John (iv)

Crake

Xerox Parc

Cadence

Smith, Dean Edwards

Nitrogen Cycle

World War Ii, The Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the North Sea, 194245

Cáceres

Athens 1980s Overview

Montserrat

Literature, Hebrew.

Kamehameha I

Berenson, Senda

Spokane

Arabian Religion

Toradja

Checkerwork

Pijao

Gruiform

Boismortier, Joseph Bodin De

Caricature And Cartoon

Toowoomba

Harrison, Caroline

Gryphaea

Mountain

Ecstasy

Motion Picture, Motion-picture design

France, History Of, The Resistance

Maastrichtian Stage

Mauritania, Transportation

Belcredi, Richard, Count (graf)

Modjadji V

Established Church

Arnim, Hans Georg Von

Lutetian Stage

Racerunner

Ab Ovo

Petróleos De Venezuela, Sa

Robert I

Nicetas Of Remesiana

Brasidas

Thang-ka

Cameron, Julia Margaret

World War Ii, The Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the North Sea, 194245